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This paper describes a widely proven and accepted best-protocol for acquiring and analyzing vapor samples for indoor air risk determinations. In the process, it identifies the advantages and disadvantages of various alternatives in each step of the process. The paper concludes that the installation of vapor wells or implants yields the most reproducible and reliable sampling method, which can be combined with very low detection limit analytical methods of several types. The protocols described have been adopted by several states in the Rockies and Midwest, as well as used by EPA Regions VI, VII, and VIII, on US Army, Air Force, and Navy facilities, and by several local governments. Click Here to open paper in a new window.
The alarming frequency of re-doing site assessments has revealed the striking limitations inherent in lithologic and other data prior to remediation. This paper describes a variety of proven tools, primarily borehole geophysical methods, that have been adapted to Direct Push systems, to enhance the quality of subsurface investigations and prevent the large number of do-overs that are experienced in the industry. Discussed are gamma logging, conductivity logging, and density logging, with case histories to demonstrate potential applications.
The excursion of methane from landfill boundaries poses a three-dimensional problem for identification and control. Most permanent monitoring systems are widely spaced, and given that distance and the extended screen length, it is difficult and expensive to locate the exact 3-D position of a methane leak. This paper provides a model approach combining borehole logging and the use of vapor implants to measure permeable zones and the characteristics of the gases moving through them in a vertical profile. This can be used to map the vertical and spatial location of gas migration plumes, leading to highly focused and relatively inexpensive remediation.